The issue of gender in Cambodia

The issue of gender in Cambodia Gender problem is considered as a global issue which exists not only in developing country but also in developed country. As a developing country in South-East Asia, Cambodia is known as a hierarchically ordered society. In all areas of development and administration, women always take the partnership with men. Unfortunately, they still cannot access to all equal rights, shares of benefits, opportunities, and values. Although Cambodia has reached the age of globalization, women still have been regarded as the lower group because of gender inequality. Cambodian womens choices have been in one particular limit as the result of cultural and traditional norms which is seen in many aspects of Cambodian society such as family, education, workplace and politics. Traditionally, Cambodian families value the men more than women as a Cambodian said that the men are a piece of gold when it is dropped in mud, is still a piece of gold while the women are a piece of cloth, once it is stained, stained forever. Normally, women are responsible for doing household chores and lacking of decision-making as well as giving birth while the men go outside for work to earn money and they are controversial and powerful in the family. Thus, when facing any problems, men always use their power to deal with such situation that sometime, they great physical abuse or any kinds of violence to rule over the women. Moreover, there are many reasons regarding to the wide gap between men and women of accessing of education. Firstly, Cambodian people believe that men are more important than women because men can go out to work while women have to stay at home to do the housework. Furthermore, parents do not allow their daughters to go to school because of some factors regarding security and reputation. As another Cambodian said that a family which has a daughter is not different from a family that has a toilet in front of the house. As a result, women in the past were not allowed to study because she could be stubborn, and write a love letter to men. Furthermore, after all daughters get married, they have to stay at home and to be fed by her husband. Therefore, she does not need to study. In addition, if a poor family can afford only one child to study, the family will choose son to study instead of daughter. According to an interview to a poor family which moved to Phnom Penh city from Prey Veng p rovince ten years ago that has one son and two daughters that is conducted by our group shown that both of the two daughters are not allowed to go to school because they have to work in the garment factories in order to support their brothers education. Finally, their brother now has become an upper-secondary school teacher at Santhormok High School in Phnom Penh city while they both are illiteracy. According to ADB, DFID/UK, UNDP, UNIFEM, and WB (2004, p.46) states that mens wages is 33 percent higher than womens wages depend on an individuals age and education. Moreover, Ministry of Planning (1999) says that the largest wage differences between males and females exist among young worker aged 15 to 29 with no schooling (75 percent), while the smallest differences exist among workers aged 30 to 39 years with lower secondary schooling (As cited in ADB et al., 2004, p.46), so it shows that there is substantial wage discrimination against women, and young women in particular labor markets. In addition, Cambodia Development Resource Institute (2003) says that the average daily wage for men in fishing is about 5,000 riels ($1.25), while women earn only 83 percent of that amount; in fish processing men earn about 4,150 riels ($1.13) per day and women earn 63 percent of that wage (As cited in ADB et al., 2004, p.46). Furthermore, The participatory poverty assessment (ADB, 2001) in Camb odia found that womens wage is less than mens wage where there is limited waged employment locally even they are doing the same work. For example, men can earn up to 5,000 riels (US$1.25) per day working as casual laborers while women will receive only up to 2,500 riels for the same work. In the poverty assessment shows that this differences wage is because of three reasons. First, there are some jobs that women cannot do well as men. Second, women take more time off during the day. The last reason is that it didnt matter anyway because it all went back in to the household finances (As cited in ADB et al., 2004, p.46). In addition, the rate of womens voice in politics is still low in Cambodia. Even though all men and women are equal in voting, there are still less women who represent in the parliament than men. For instance, there were only 5 percent of women candidates in 1993, and there were only five among of them won the election and joined the national assembly (ADB et al., 2004, p.125). Furthermore, this rate has been increasing very slowly. For example, there were 11.5 percent in 1998 and 12.2 percent in 2003 of women who are elected (ADB et al., 2004, p.125). In addition, the numbers of women participation in each political party are also lower than men. In 2003, only 8 out of 73 seats in Cambodian People Party, 4 out of 26 seats in Funcinpec Party, and 3 out of 24 seats in Sam Rainsy Party were women candidates (ADB et al., 2004, p.126).In short, these data represents that women are given less value than men in Cambodia politics. However, some people state that the gender inequality in Cambodia is shaped by biology. Women are physically born weaker than men so mostly they are responsible for mothering work such as deliver and to look after the babies, and stay at home to do housework while men go out for work and become breadwinner, so men have power to control the family. This point has some merit on the surface. However, pregnant is only a temporary time for women to produce the baby, and this time they can do some house work. Then, after they deliver the baby, they can go out for work as the men do such as a teacher, a doctor, an architecture, etc. In conclusion, according to the four aspects such as family, education, workplace, and politics that have mentioned above, we can analyze that culture is an essential factor that causes the gender inequality between men and women. Women have to do housework and to give birth, so they do not have chance to be educated which becomes the obstacle for them to find a well paid job. Moreover, because of the education of women still in limit, their participant in politic is also in a small number. Actually, it is really hard for women to change their culture without any supporting from men. As a result, in order to motivate people to understand more about gender inequality effectively, both government and non-government organizations need to be strongly facilitated in making policy to encouraging women knowing their right of sharing and making decision. Moreover, he has to develop the laws for violence against women, and provide more motivate girl to be educated, women to join literacy prog ram that can help them to build up their social values, so that it will develop the country because we have enough human resources. Men and women are the two elements which are inseparable from one another. They both are like the left and right hands of a country. Without one of them, a countrys development will be stuck. Moreover, women also should accept the opportunity that provided by the men. Word Counted: 1,284

Loblaws Hepatitis a Class Ction Essay

Index Introduction of the Loblaws Hepatitis A Class Action incident3 Introduction of Loblaws company3 Definition of class action4 The reason of the incident5 Serious impacts and negative media coverage5 Alternatives6 a)Precautions before the issue arises6 b)Remedy after the issue occurred7 Recommendations7 Background of the Loblaws Hepatitis A Class Action incident On September 3, 2002, a class action was launched in Toronto to against Loblaws alleging that customers and other persons may have been exposed to the Hepatitis A virus because of allegedly contaminated produce at Loblaws’ Humbercrest store located at 3671 Dundas Street West in Toronto. This lawsuit relates to an employee of Loblaws infected with Hepatitis A. Although the identity of this employee was not disclosed, the fact was confirmed that this employee, who worked in the section of the store in which products were prepared, displayed and sold, has caused the infection to spread. Thousands of customers of Loblaws obtained an inoculation following the identification of the infected individual as an employee of Loblaws, working in the produce section of one of its stores. On June 15, 2006, the Settlement of this action was approved by the Superior Court. Loblaws would pay $150. 00 to each class member and all the cost of notification, administration, and distribution of the settlement fees. However, Loblaws supermarkets and loblaw companies didn’t admit any wrongdoing or liability on their part.

The Role Of Women During And After The American Revolution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2172 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: American Revolution Essay Did you like this example? According to Harriet Beecher Stowe, an American abolitionist Women are the architect of the society. Women played a key role in the construction of American society. However, the Declaration of Independence of the United States excludes many people. The document declares that all men are created equal but it did not mention women. While women played an important role in American society and this role will change during and after the revolution. The American Revolution was the result from political will of the 13th colonies to be independent against the British crown. Some of these roles were traditional like nursing while other were quite scandalous for this time such as soldier. Generally, the influence of women increases in society thanks to many events such as the boycott of British goods and their new role. At this time, men thought they were superior to women, but enlightened thinkers rejected this idea and thought that a republic could succeed only if its citizens were educated. The persons who educated children were women. They teach them the value of the republic. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role Of Women During And After The American Revolution" essay for you Create order Since the 20th century, these women were called Republican Motherhood. Education of women leads to the emergence of middle-class women. And in 1848, the Seneca Falls Declaration on the rights of women contrast the Thomas Jeffersons words by saying: All men and women are created equal This new era showed the birth of movements where women get involved such as the Temperance movement, the abolitionist movement, and the first feminist movement. During and after the revolution, what was the role of women in American society? Women played a different role in the society during the American Revolution some of them where traditional and others scandalous for this time. Women were considered inferior to men they had only one role which was to manage the households and attended to the domestic task. At that time, women have no social, legal and political rights. They cannot vote or hold a public office. When they became married all their property became the property of their husband. The husbands had right over his wife and children. If women earned a salary, this salary belongs to their husbands. Also, most women had no education because men thought that they could represent a danger if they were too educated. Men had different fear about the education of women. They were afraid that they change in their behavior. According to Jan E. Lewis who reflected in A companion to America, Womens History, the different fears of men were: would they neglect their responsibilities to others? Would they lose their femininity? Would they become selfish, antisocial?. In contrast, the fact to overeducating men never created the same sort of fears. Women played an important role in the society in the political resistance movement against the different tax such the sugar act, the stamp act and Townsend duty act. They participated in the boycott of British goods like clothes and the tea in a varied way. The Daughter of Liberty, was like the Son of Liberty, a group created against British taxation. Sarah Bradlee Fulton was a leader of the Daughter of Liberty and known as the Mother of the Boston Tea Party because she gave the idea of disguising men in native American so, avoid them to be recognized by the authorities. Also, they went door to door to involve more women in the British boycott. Inspiring by the Boston Tea Party, Penelope Baker led women to sign an agreement against the consumption of British tea and others British goods. This event was called the Eden Tea Party. In another way, women were part of the boycott with the Homespun movement. In addition, to stop buying British goods, women became engaged in the Homespun movement which consisted of the boycott of British clothes with Patriots women who made clothes at home. Thanks to this movement, the colonies became fewer dependents of the British textile. Later this movement served the continental army during the revolution. Then during the revolution women had different key roles. For instance, Abigail Adams was known as the wife of the second president of the United States John Dams and for the quote remember the ladies that she addressed to her husband in a private later who was a member of the Continental Congress. In this letter, she asked more right for women while her husband and the member of the Congress wrote a new code of laws. But she was also, a brilliant businesswoman who manage the finance of the family in an excellent way while John Adams was in the Continental Congress. When she came to Europe with her husband, she came back with many goods such as clothes and she sold back in America and made a lot of money. According to the journalist and authors Cokie Roberts who wrote several books on a woman of the early days of the United States. He said that She was good in math. We know that because even though women, married women, were not allowed to own property at that time, she bought and sold property all the time. And she made a very handy income which supported the family for long periods of time when her husband was away and not making any money. During this period, many women followed their husband during the war, we called them the camp followers. These wives, mothers, and daughter served as cooks, maids, and nurses during the war. They were poor and cannot subsist without the salary of their husband or father. In front, the difficulty of this task, their paid were increased from two dollars to eight dollars to attract more and more women. Some women served as soldiers or spies during the war. According to the National Womens History Museum website, the spies were women who cook and maids in the British army and listened to the officers about military strategy and delivery of supply. Rare were women who became soldiers, but those who fight throughout the war were women who disguised as men and created a false identity to enroll in the army. Some of them became famous such as Mary Ludwig well-known as Molly Pitcher who helps to reload a cannon of the artillery, during the battle of Monmouth, after her husband was injured. At the end of the American Revolution, the question of the education of women has surfaced because men want to instill the notion of patriotism and the value of the republic to the children. At that time, who were the caretakers of children? It was women, so women obtained access to school to learned and teach to the children. These women had called today the Republican Motherhood. The active role of the Republican Motherhood was to support the value of the republic. The term Republican Motherhood appear with the work The Republican Mother: Women and the Enlightenment-An American Perspective wrote in 1976 by the historian Linda Kerber. In this work, she defined the Republican Mother duties as raising sons and disciplining husbands to be virtuous citizens of the republic. In other words, they should educate children and their husband to became good republican citizens. The education of women became more accessible with schools created such as the Ladies Academy where they had the opportunities studied basic academic subjects as mathematics, geography, and history in addition to ornamental arts. For instance, Catherine Beecher, was an educated woman, who came to the Litchfield Female Academy founded by Sarah Pierce, she became a professor and founded her own schools in Hartford. Women became regarded as intellectual beings who played a political role in the future construction of the nation. Thought the time, women became more involved in this role and began to be the protectors of virtues and morality. They became reformers and they engaged in an organization with a social and public focus such as orphan and charity associations. Also, they came involved in a movement like the temperance movement and later in the abolitionist movement and the first feminist movement. Moreover, others small change occurs during this period, in some state, women get small improvement with their legal status such as the legalization of divorce, the right to vote. The legalization happens because the marriage was view as a contract where women were agreeing to accepted it so, they could also be able to remove from it. It was an exception, but the state of New Jersey allowed women to vote since 1776. As reported by the website The American Revolution, all inhabitants of this colony, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds and have resided within the county for twelve months could vote. Generally, the American revolution did not result in real change in the term of legal and political womens status Through the time women got more involved in society and want to protect their role as wife and mothers. This willingness result in the implication of women in a different movement like the temperance movement and the abolitionist movement which lead to the first women rights movement. In order to protect the domestic sphere, women found it necessary to become active in the public sphere. They became engaged in different movements such as the Temperance movement and the Abolitionism movement. The Temperance movement was against the consumption of alcohol. The word temperance means moderation but at that time it meant abstinence. Men consumed too much alcohol and this cause problem in the society. The government tries to solve this issue by taking different measure by limited the quantity of alcohol in the saloon with the Gallon Act passed in 1838 in Massachusetts. Women get involved in this movement because this issue attaints the domestic sphere with men who came back at the house completely drunk and act brutally with their wife and children. According to the book, Separate Paths: Suffragists and the Womens Temperance Crusade, women contributed between one-third and one-half of the temperance movements mass support (Jack S. Blocker, Jr 460) in the 1820s. At the end the nineteenth century, as stated in the book The Story of American Freedom, the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) with 150,000 members by 1892 (Eric Fonder 110) represented large implication of women. The slogan Home Protection attracted women to get involved in the organization. Also, women were engaged in the abolitionist movement. This movement was for the abolition of slavery. Women played a crucial role in the anti-slavery society. The fact that women took part in the movement was considered outrageous for men because men thought that the proper place for women was in the domestic sphere and not on the public sphere. One important woman was Lucia Mott who founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. For white women, it was the opportunity to be more present on the public sphere and for black women, they could talk about their experience and elicit empathy for slaves. To support the movement, women wrote imaginative literature or such as Phillis Wheatley who wrote her own poems about her life being slaves and this poem was very influential. Sarah Parker Remond was an Abolitionist and made a different speech in favor of the end of the slavery. The speech delivers by such women show the place and the importance of women in the society. Women involves in the Abolitionism movement became leaders in the womens rights movement. They asked equal rights, expanded in education, employment, and pollical rights. These women were supported by Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison who support the womens right to vote. These men were famous because they were the figures of the Abolitionism movement during the nineteenth century. The manifestation of the birth of the women rights movement was the Declaration of Sentiment wrote by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott modeled on the Declaration of Independence. In this declaration, the revendication for women rights is clearly expressed with for instance this sentence All men and women are created equal. This Declaration of Sentiment was gratified throughout the Seneca Falls Declaration in 1848. To conclude, the role of women in society evolves in many ways. Before the American revolution, they had no rights. Their only role was the households and the domestic sphere. During the revolution and the war, women played a behind the scenes work that leads the war to the success. At the end of the war, women get more involved in society by teaching their children the value of the republic and by supporting their husband to participate in the political life of the country. Today, these women are called the Republican Motherhood. To allow women to teach to their children they should be educated. At that time, the access to school for women starts to become easier. Then, to protect the domestic sphere women get involved in different movements such as the Temperance movement and the Abolitionism movement. Later this movement leads to the first women rights movement with the Seneca Fall Declaration in 1848. These movement allowed women to became more active on the public sphere and claimed more rights in the future.

Essay on Evolution - 925 Words

Essay on Evolution There are many mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change. One of the most important mechanism in evolution is natural selection which is the differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment. Natural selection occurs when a environment makes a individual adapt to that certain environment by variations that arise by mutation and genetic recombination. Also it favors certain traits in a individual than other traits so that these favored traits will be presented in the next generation. Another mechanism of evolution is genetic drift. Genetic drift is a random change in a small gene pool due to sampling errors in propagation of alleles or†¦show more content†¦Some bacteria had genes that coded for enzymes that specifically destroyed certain antibiotics such as ampicillin. From this incident, scientists were able to deduce that natural selection helped the bacteria to inherit the genes for antibio tic resistance. Scientists have also been able to use biochemistry as a source of evidence. The comparison of genes of two species is the most direct measure of common inheritance from shared ancestors. Using DNA-DNA hybridization, whole genomes can be compared by measuring the extent of hydrogen bonding between single-stranded DNA obtained from two sources. The similarity of the two genes can be seen by how tightly the DNA of one specie bonds to the DNA of the other specie. Many taxonomic debates have been answered using this method such as whether flamingos are more closely related to storks or geese. This method compared the DNA of the flamingo to be more closely related to the DNA of the stork than the geese. The only disadvantage of this method is that it does not give precise information about the matchup in specific nucleotide sequences of the DNA which restriction mapping does. This technique uses restriction enzymes that recognizes a specific sequence of a few nucleotides a nd cleaves DNA wherever such sequences are found in the genome. Then the DNA fragments are separated by electrophoresis and compared toShow MoreRelated Evolution Essay597 Words   |  3 PagesEvolution Evolution is a complex process by which the characteristics of living organisms change over many generations as traits are passed from one generation to the next. Many scientists agree on that concept. They have been trying to develop this theory over hundreds of years to make it reasonable and beliveable to people. But is evolution the reason that humans are on earth? People that are not quite religious and have little faith in God believe in evolution. 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Are Cohabitation And Marriage The Same Thing - 992 Words

Are cohabitation and marriage the same thing? While they do have similarities they are also vastly different. Multiple key differences have been known to influence a person’s decision to get married or remain in a cohabitated relationship, such as their upbringing /family history, relationship quality, finances, and dissolution differentiating among cohabitated versus married couples being the most common. Cohabitation seems to be growing in today’s society which is why so many are choosing this type of union, but based on research this also can negatively affect many different aspects of your relationship. There are defiantly risk factors in choosing either type of union, yet the differences between cohabitation and marriage may help a person to decide which union is best for them and their needs. The first difference in these two union choices is a person’s family background. Whether a child grows up raised in a cohabitation or marriage they will see the effects the parents have on a household due to their choices to live in either union. â€Å"By the same token, there’s likely to be a direct association between parents’ resources and their ability to influence their children’s union formation† (Wiik, 2008). They may feel the life they have lived during their childhood is â€Å"normal† in the beginning, but as they grow older and understand there are other options out there they may find the opposite is what meets their needs. Say for instance a child raised in a home where theirShow MoreRelatedCohabitation Between Cohabitation And Marriage1559 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society cohabitation before marriage has become more prominent than it was in past decades. Cohabitation simply means two individuals are living together unmarried. 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One quote in particular that caught my eye was â€Å"Perceptions of marriage†¦ vary by educational level, with the highly educated feeling significantly more positively about marriage than the less educated population† (Sharp). This confirms that those who can clearly rationalize the advantages and disadvantages of the given choices will choose marriage. However, as our textbook points out, cohabitation

Economy of Russian Free Essays

In recent times, Russian presses have been full of articles analyzing the Russian economy and making forecasts, most of them pessimistic. Many would say the Russian economy has failed miserably in the past one hundred years. After the 1917 Revolution, an attempt was made by the Communists to create an economy based on socialist principles. We will write a custom essay sample on Economy of Russian or any similar topic only for you Order Now The thought was that the capitalist system led to a chaotic economy, cruel exploitation of workers and unemployment. The Russian socialist economy rests on the basic principles formed by Karl Marx: A centrally planned economy. This â€Å"planned economy† would be in use for the next sixty years. â€Å"In 1929-1930, under the process of collectivization, the land of Russia became state-owned and cooperatively-owned. There was no longer any private land ownership.† (Torchinsky, 48) The state became the monopolist of the economy. Economy planning bodies worked out the famous â€Å"Five-year plans.† The plans regulated everything from production of aircraft to nails and even eggs. They believed that since the means of production belonged to the state, and hence, collectively, to the people, (because a socialist state is a state belonging to the people) the state should control everything. This was to include planning, financing, and salaries. Under this system, â€Å"people are to be content and peacefully work for the benefit of society.† (Diller, 168) The Socialist economic theory assumed that people would work hard because they were working for the collective good, and hence their own good; therefore there would be no reason for them to be lazy or dishonest. Thus, the defects of capitalism would not show its face. â€Å"The five-year economic plans would make it possible to wisely distribute society†s resources and to promote development.† (Flint, 17) However, over the long term, this style of economy seems to have failed in Russia. At certain times-for instance, in restoring the national economy after World War 1, the Civil War, and World War II, â€Å"The states rigid economic monopoly achieved certain successes, but later the basic principles of socialist economic management became an insuperable obstacle blocking economic progress in the Soviet Union and in Russia.† (Flint, 12) Abolishing private ownership of businesses and land killed people†s desire to succeed or to create and increase their own property. The driving force of personal gain was absent from all work activity by the people. The socialist lifestyle assumed that tireless and selfless labor for the benefit of society would succeed. Under this system, there was no reason for the common man, or anyone who was not a fanatical supporter of socialism, to work hard or to improve or create anything. Everything disappeared into the state†s bottomless pockets. â€Å"A person could work well or badly-either way, he received the same meager wages.† (Torchinskii, 51) Many people were satisfied, but some did not work for many years, yet were still guaranteed their wages or salaries by the state. Centralized planning also had a ruinous effect. â€Å"Workers and peasants merely had to fulfill the orders passed from ‘above† regardless of their practicality.† (Hughes, 33) This sometimes resulted in goods being produced that no one needed and seed being sown into barren or frozen soil. Personal initiative was neither encouraged nor expected. As the years passed, the economic situation steadily worsened. For some time, â€Å"the country lived on ‘petrodollars† by selling oil and gas at low prices.† (Flint, 19) Rivalry in the arms race with the United States devoured tremendous wealth; plus a lot of money and energy was spent on supporting â€Å"friendly Communist regimes in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.† (Flint, 19) At the 28th Party Congress in 1991, when the delegates started talking at last about the critical economic situation and the necessity of reforms, it was already too late. â€Å"The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990†³s, and the rupture of economic ties between the former Soviet republics that once constituted an economic whole exacerbated the economic downslide, which rapidly became critical.† (Diller, 121) In the early 1990†³s, production continued to decline. Economic contacts weakened with other republics of the former Soviet Union. The balance of payments crisis increased. There was a lack of funds, especially hard currency, necessary for purchasing raw materials. â€Å"As a result of inflation, the purchasing capacity of the population fell and inventories grew.† (Torchinskii, 51) Although the situation in Russia is very difficult, positive aspects offer hope for a recovery. The privatization process in different industries is progressing, though with great difficulties. The agricultural industry is waiting for the transference of land to the peasants-a very risky step that could either save the country or ruin it completely. Russia has to create a successful agricultural base to thrive economically. â€Å"As of July 1, 1993, the number of private farms in Russia was 258,000; they occupied a territory of 27 million acres.† (Flint, 33) Most farmland is still controlled by former state farms or collectives, but now they are reconstructed to be joint-stock companies. Agricultural output and grain production has been declining since the early 1990†³s. Russia†s military defense industry includes aircraft building, rocket manufacturing, and the space industry. In all of these industries, Russia has a major place in the world market. Russia is also a leading arms producer and supplies countries all over the world. One of the most widely used assault rifles, the AK47, was even invented in Russia. â€Å"This remains the basic weapon of the Russian Army and of many other Communist countries.† (Hughes, 53) Finally, the country has immense manpower-the people who are able and want to work despite many decades of nearly losing the habit. There can be no doubt that regeneration is not far away. â€Å"Russia†s labor resources constituted 86.2 million people in 1992, or 58 percent of the population.† (Flint, 65) In 1993, this number was 85.7 million. The number of people in Russia that are actually employed has been dropping steadily since the early 1990†³s. In conclusion, the economy of Russia is by no means the epitome of a great economy, but many of the resources they have do help. Many people have tried to help boost the Russian economy, (Gorbachev, Stalin, Lenin, Yeltsin, and the Tzar) but all of them had their many moments of failures. The new â€Å"Commonwealth of Independent States† or the CIS has worked hard to make new plans for an economy that can rise to the occasion and become the best it has ever been before. With their abundance of natural resources, manpower, and knowledgeable people, Russia can become a major power quickly, but all they need is a guiding hand. How to cite Economy of Russian, Essay examples

Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Practice free essay sample

Perform their professional activities with due and reasonable skill, care, prudence and diligence and in accordance with the current best industry practice and the high ethical, professional and technical standards expected of them as members and registered students of the Institute. Always act in the best interests of the securities and investment profession, their clients and prospective clients, and place the interests of the profession, clients and prospective clients before their own personal interests or that of their employers, employees, peers, colleagues in the investment profession or those of any third party and use their best endeavours not to put themselves in a situation where a conflict of interest arises. Take reasonable care to maintain professional independence and objectivity and to make fair judgments when conducting securities and investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking investment actions, and engaging in other professional activities. Practise and encourage others to practise in a professional and ethical manner that will reflect credit on themselves and the securities and investment profession. Continuously strive to maintain and improve their professional competence and strive to maintain and improve the competence of other investment professionals. Investment Professionals are individual members who evaluate or apply financial, economic or statistical data as part of the professional practice of financial analysis, investment management, portfolio management, securities analysis, investment counselling, or other similar professions. â€Å"Security analysis† is the provision of investment information, investment recommendations, or investment management based on the analysis of a variety of information relating to security investments and the evaluation of investment value. Investment Action is any activity in which Investment Professionals engage regarding securities, including the purchase and/or sale of securities for client, proprietary or personal accounts, the issuance of research reports, or any recommendation to purchase, sell or hold a security. Fiduciary Duty is the duty which is owed by a party who has a relationship of trust and confidence to another party. A person who has a fiduciary duty to another must act in the others best interest, must maintain the others trust and confidences, and must act with discretion. A fiduciary is held to a higher standard of care and higher degree of knowledge than the average person. Beneficial owner means someone who has: (a) a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in securities, regardless of whether or not the ownership of the said security is in the name of that person; or (b) the power to vote or direct the voting of shares of securities or investments; or (c) the power to dispose or direct the disposition of a security or investment. Associate means any related or affiliated party, or any person or entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with an investment professional. Duty to adhere to laws, rules, regulations and Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct 2. 1. Members and Registered Students shall maintain knowledge of and comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of any government, governmental agency, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing their professional activities, including this CIS Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct. Members and Registered Students shall not knowingly participate in or assist any violation of such laws, rules, regulations and CIS Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct. Members and registered students must comply with the standards of the profession notwithstanding pressure from clients, employers, peers, employees or others to compromise those standards. Members and registered students are personally responsible and accountable for their conduct, must allow and exercise individual autonomy such as freedom of speech, and must not discriminate against any person because of gender, race, or religion. In the event of conflict, Members and Registered Students must comply with the more strict law, rule, regulation, code or standard. Graduate Members, Registered Students and Affiliates shall not use any designation after their names. 2. 2. 3 2. 2. 3 Page 5 of 14 Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct for Stockbrokers 2. 3 Professional Misconduct 2. 3. 1 Members and Registered Students must not engage in any illegal, fraudulent, dishonest, deceitful or misleading professional conduct that might have a negative impact on their reputation, integrity, or competence as Members and registered students or bring dishonour or disrepute upon the Institute or its other Members and registered students. Members and Registered Students must not engage in any conduct that compromises the reputation or integrity of the Institute or the CIS designation or the integrity, validity, or security of the CIS examinations and any other examinations supervised by or conducted on behalf of other organisations by the Institute. 2. 3. 2 2. 4 Co-operation, support and whistleblowing 2. 4. 1 Members and registered students must cooperate to serve the objectives of the code and the standards. Members and registered students must ensure all information, documents, reports and returns required by the CIS are produced accurately, honestly and when required, and that the information, documents, reports and returns are true and correct. 2. 4. 2 Members and registered students must cooperate with an appropriate authority and the CIS to identify and address wrongdoing and incompetency in the profession. Members and registered students, when they know of illegal conduct must report that conduct to an appropriate authority in accordance with the law where their disclosure is protected by law. Collectively, Members and registered students are responsible for the standards of the profession and shall report to the CIS breaches of the code of ethics and standards. 2. 4. 4 Members and registered students must not discriminate or take other adverse action against a person who discloses illegal conduct or a breach of the code of ethics and standards.